Modes of Signaling & Signaling Pathways

In multicellular organisms, cells use many kinds of extracellular molecules to send signals and communicate with one another. All signal molecules act as ligands and that bind to receptors expressed by their target cells, there is noticeable variation in the structure and function of the various types of molecules that play as signal transmitters. Cells communicate with each other via direct contact  juxtacrine signaling, paracrine signaling, and endocrine signaling. Cell signaling can be divided to be mechanical and biochemical based on the type of the signal. Some cell–cell communication requires direct cell–cell contact. Some cells can form gap junctions that connect their cytoplasm  to the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. In cardiac muscle, gap junctions between adjacent cells provides for action potential  propagation from the cardiac pacemaker region of the heart to spread and coordinately cause contraction of the heart.

  • Paracrine, endocrine and autocrine signaling
  • Direct signaling across gap junctions
  • Signaling pathways and cell surface receptors
  • Secondary messenger systems
  • Cell signaling pathway modeling

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